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It is true that in the sign of the cross the decorative and geometrical concept, obtained by a juxtaposition of lines pleasing to the sight, is remarkably prominent nevertheless, the cross was originally not a mere means or object of ornament, and from the earliest times had certainly another i. The primitive form of the cross seems to have been that of the so called gamma cross crux gammata, better known to Orientalists and students of prehistoric archology by its Sanskrit name, swastika. At successive periods this was modified, becoming curved at the extremities, or adding to them more complex lines or ornamental points, which latter also meet at the central intersection. The swastika is a sacred sign in India, and is very ancient and widespread throughout the East. It has a solemn meaning among both Brahmins and Buddhists, though the elder Burnouf Le lotus de la bonne loi, traduit du sanscrit, p. Journ. Asiatic. Soc. Great Britain, VI, 4. It seems to have represented the apparatus used at one time by the fathers of the human race in kindling fire and for this reason it was the symbol of living flame, of sacred fire, whose mother is Maia, the personification of productive power Burnouf, La science des religions. It is also, according to Milani, a symbol of the sun Bertrand, La religion des Gaulois, p. Others have seen in it the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest, and even the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization. Emile Burnouf op. Sanskrit word literally, divided it into the particles su asti ka, equivalents of the Greek eu estike. In this way, especially through the adverbial particle, it would mean sign of benediction, or of good omen svasti, also of health or life. The particle ka seems to have been used in a causative sense Burnouf, Dictionnaire sanscrit franais, 1. The swastika sign was very widespread throughout the Orient, the seat of the oldest civilizations. The Buddhistinscriptions carved in certain caves of Western. India are usually preceded or closed by this sacred sign Thomas Edward, The Indian Swastika, 1. Philip Greg, On the Meaning and Origin of the Fylfot and Swastika. The celebrated excavations of Schliemann at Hissarlik on the site of ancient Troy brought to light numerous examples of the swastika on spindle racks, on a cube, sometimes attached to an animal, and even cut upon the womb of a femaleidol, a detail also noticeable on a small statue of the goddess Athis. The swastika sign is seen on Hittite monuments, e. The monuments of the Hittites in Transactions of the Soc. Bibl. Archology, VII, 2, p. For its presence on Galatian and Bithynian monuments, see Guillaume and Perrot, Exploration archologique de la Galatie et de la Bithynie, Atlas, Pl. IX. We find it also on the coins of Lycia and of Gaza in Palestine. In the Island of Cyprus it is found on earthenware vessels. It originally represents, as again at Athens and Mycen, a flying bird. In Greece we have specimens of it on urns and vases of Botia, on an Attic vase representing a Gorgon, on coins of Corinth Raoul Rochette, Mm. XVI, pt. II, 3. 02 sqq. Hercule assyrien, 3. Minervini in Bull. Napolit., Ser. 2, II, 1. Orchomenus. It seems to have been unknown in Assyria, in Phnicia, and in Egypt. In the West it is most frequently found in Etruria. It appears on a cinerary urn of Chiusi, and on the fibula found in the famous Etruscan tomb at Cere Grifi, Mon. Cere, Pl. VI, no. There are many such emblems on the urns found at Capanna di Corneto, Bolsena, and Vetulonia also in a Samnite tomb at Capua, where it appears in the centre of the tunic of the person there depicted Minervini, Bull. Napolit., ser. 2, Pl. II, 1. 78 1. 79 This sign is also found in Pompeianmosaics, on Italo Grecian vases, on coins of Syracuse in Sicily Raoul Rochette, Mm. Pl. XVI, pt. II, 3. Minervini, Bull. Nap., ser. 2, Pl. II, p. 1. 78 1. 79 finally among the ancient Germans, on a rock carving in Sweden, on a few Celticstones in Scotland, and on a Celticstone discovered in the County of Norfolk, England, and now in the British Museum. The swastika, appears in an epitaph on a pagan tombstone of Tebessa in Roman. Africa Annuaire de la Socit de Constantine, 1. Ennio Quirino Visconti, Operevarie, ed. Milan, I, 1. 41, sqq., and in a Greekvotiveinscription at Porto. In the last monument the swastika is imperfect in form, and resembles a Phnician letter. We shall explain below the value and symbolical meaning of this crux gammata when found on Christian monuments. But the swastika is not the only sign of this kind known to antiquity. Cruciform objects have been found in Assyria. The statutes of Kings Asurnazirpal and Sansirauman, now in the British Museum, have cruciform jewels about the neck Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, II, pl. IV. Cruciform earrings were found by Father Delattre in Punic tombs at Carthage. Another symbol which has been connected with the cross is the ansated cross ankh or crux ansata of the ancient Egyptians, wrongly called the ansated key of the Nile. It often appears as a symbolic sign in the hands of the goddess Sekhet. From the earliest times also it appears among the hieroglyphic signssymbolic of life or of the living, and was transliterated into Greek as Anse Ansa. But the meaning of this sign is very obscure Da Morgan, Recherches sur les origines de lEgypte, 1. The ansated cross is found on many and various monuments of Egypt Prisse dAvennes, Lart Egyptien, 4. In later times the Egyptian. Christians Copts, attracted by its form, and perhaps by its symbolism, adopted it as the emblem of the cross Gayet, Les monuments coptes du Muse de Boulaq in Mmoires de le mission franaise du Caire, VIII, fasc. III, 1. 88. 9, p. XXXI XXXII and LXX LXXI, For further information regarding the resemblance between the cross and the oldest symbolicsignssee G. Mortillet, Le signe de la croix avant le christianisme, Paris, 1. Letronne, La croix anse gyptienne in Mmoires de lacadmie des inscriptions, XVI, pt. II, 1. 84. 6, p. 2. L. Mller, Ueber Sterne, Kreuze und Krnze als religise Symbole der alten Kulturvlker, Copenhagen, 1. W. W. Blake, The Cross, Ancient and Modern New York, 1. Ansault, Mmoire sur le culte de la croix avant Jsus Christ, Paris, 1. We may add that some have claimed to find the cross on Grecian monuments in the letter chi, which, sometimes in conjunction with rho, represented on coins the initial letters of the Greek word chrysoun, gold, or other words indicative of the value of the coin, or the name of the coiner Madden, History of Jewish Coinage, London, 1. Eckhel, Doctrina nummorum, VIII, 8. F. X. Kraus, Real Encyklopdie der christlichen Alterthmer, II, 2. We shall return, later on, to these letters. In the bronze age we meet in different parts of Europe a more accurate representation of the cross, as conceived in Christian art, and in this shape it was soon widely diffused. This more precise characterization coincides with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs. The cross is now met with, in various forms, on many objects fibulas, cinctures, earthenware fragments, and on the bottom of drinking vessels. De Mortillet is of opinion that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental, but rather a symbol of consecration, especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial. In the proto Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it. Truecrosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns, at Mycen, in Crete, and on a fibula from Vulci. These pre Christian figures of the cross have misled many writers to see in them types and symbols of the manner in which Jesus Christ was to expiate our sins.